انواع قطره های چشمی:

۱-Allergies

۲-

Eyedrops During an Examination

Dilating Drops

 

۳- Anesthetic Drop

این قطره ها برای بی حسی و کاهش درد استفاده می شوند.

 

۴-Nonprescription Eyedrops

قطره هایی که احتیاج به تجویز ندارند

-Artificial tears (اشک مصنوعی)

-Decongestant eyedrops (کاهش قرمزی چشم)

۵-

Prescription Eyedrops

Steroid (Corticosteroids) Eyedrops

Prednisolone

Dexamethasone

Hydrocortisone

Fluoromethalone

Medrysone

Rimexolone

 

۶-Eyedrops to Treat Infection

درمان با این دارو بسیار safe  است .البته اثزات جانبی جزیی مانند خارش چشم را دارد. این دارو باعث mild dilation مردمک ها می شود.

Many children and adults continue to struggle with learning in the classroom and the workplace. Advances in information technology, its expanding necessity, and its accessibility are placing greater demands on people for efficient learning and information processing.^1,2

Learning is accomplished through complex and interrelated processes, one of which is vision. Determining the relationships between vision and learning involves more than evaluating eye health and visual acuity (clarity of sight). Problems in identifying and treating people with learning-related vision problems arise when such a limited definition of vision is employed.³

This policy statement addresses these issues, which are important to individuals who have learning-related vision problems (such as dyslexia), their families, their teachers, the educational system and society.

Policy Statement

People at risk for learning-related vision problems should receive a comprehensive optometric evaluation. This evaluation should be conducted as part of a multidisciplinary approach in which all appropriate areas of function are evaluated and managed.⁴

The role of the optometrist when evaluating people for learning-related vision problems (e.g., dyslexia) is to conduct a thorough assessment of eye health and visual functions and communicate the results and recommendations.⁵  The management plan may include treatment, guidance and appropriate referral.

The expected outcome of optometric intervention is an improvement in visual function with the alleviation of associated signs and symptoms. Optometric intervention for people with learning-related vision problems consists of lenses, prisms, and Vision Therapy. Vision therapy does not directly treat learning disabilities or dyslexia.^6,7  Vision therapy is a treatment to improve visual efficiency and visual processing, thereby allowing the person to be more responsive to educational instruction.^4,8  It does not preclude any other form of treatment and should be a part of a multidisciplinary approach to learning disabilities.^6,7

Pertinent Issues

Vision is a fundamental factor in the learning process. The three interrelated areas of visual function are:

To identify learning-related vision problems, each of these interrelated areas must be fully evaluated.

Educational, neuropsychological and medical research has suggested distinct subtypes of learning difficulties.^9,10  Current research indicates that some people with reading difficulties (such as difficulties related to possible dyslexia) have co-existing visual and language processing deficits.¹¹  For this reason, no single treatment, profession or discipline can be expected to adequately address all of their needs.

Unresolved visual deficits can impair the ability to respond fully to educational instruction.^12,13  Management may require optical correction, Vision Therapy or a combination of both. Vision therapy, the art and science of developing and enhancing visual abilities and remediating vision dysfunctions, has a firm foundation in vision science, and both its application and efficacy have been established in the scientific literature.^14-17  Some sources have erroneously associated optometric Vision Therapy with controversial and unfounded therapies, and equate eye defects with visual dysfunctions.^18-21

The eyes, visual pathways and brain comprise the visual system. Therefore, to understand the complexities of visual function, one must look at the total visual system. Recent research has demonstrated that some people with reading disabilities have deficits in the transmission of information to the brain through a defective visual pathway.^22,25  This creates confusion and disrupts the normal visual timing functions in reading.

Visual defects, such as a restriction in the visual field, can have a substantial impact on reading performance.²⁶  Eye strain and double vision resulting from convergence insufficiency can be a significant handicap to learning.²⁷  There are more subtle visual defects that influence learning affecting different people to different degrees. Vision is a multifaceted process and its relationships to reading and learning are complex.^28,29  Each area of visual function must be considered in the evaluation of people who are experiencing reading or other learning problems. Likewise, treatment programs for learning-related vision problems must be designed individually to meet each person's unique needs.

Summary

Our minds are capable of seeing in three dimensions primarily because we have binocular vision. Binocular vision occurs when two eyes look at the same thing at a slightly different angle, resulting in two slightly different images. It's simple to confirm that as humans we have binocular vision: place your hand a foot in front of your face and alternate closing each eye. Your hand will appear to jump back and forth.

   As humans we often take binocular vision for granted. Many animals, such as rabbits and birds, have eyes facing opposite directions. These animals can see all around them without even moving their heads, however do not have two slightly different images of the same thing. For this reason they do not enjoy the many forms of depth perception created by binocular vision.

   The slight difference between the viewpoints of your two eyes is called binocular disparity. Binocular disparity is the form of depth perception most used by the human brain, and is the most easily manipulated for perception tricks. The brain takes these two different views and molds them together into a three dimensional object.

	Try it Out: The easiest way to notice Binocular Disparity is to use a periscope. Place a periscope (shorter is better; 3-4 inches will have the best effect) horizontally against one eye, and look at an object. Because the distance between your two "eyes" has now been increased, you will have greater binocular disparity. Objects will appear to have much greater depth differences.

Binocular disparity is only useful when your two eyes see different angles of an image. Look at two parallel horizontal clotheslines, one further away from you than the other. If you only look at the clotheslines and you do not already know how far away each is, binocular disparity will not reveal that the lines are different distances from you. Both eyes see the line as horizontal, so do not give different images to the brain.

Two horizontal bars. It is impossible to tell which is closer.

At an angle the depth difference is easier to see.

There are many ways to create the illusion of depth using binocular disparity. Holograms, stereoscopes, and stereograms all send separate images to each eye. Binocular disparity in the brain combines these images into a three dimensional picture.

	This picture shows how binocular disparity has often been used in comic books, magazines, and movies. The picture contains two images of a chair, one red and one blue, from two slightly different angles. You can "see" the image by putting on special 3D glasses. One lens of the glasses will filter out the blue image, and the other lens will filter out the red image. The result is each of your eyes only receiving one of the two images on the page. Just as if you were looking at a real chair from two different angles, your brain forms these images into one three-dimensional image.

   One other experiment to demonstrate binocular disparity is called the Pulfrich Illusion. This illusion occurs because of latency, the fact that the eyes don't react instantaneously to visual stimuli. At lower levels of light, it takes the eye longer to "see an image." If you wear sunglasses on one eye, that one eye will respond more slowly than the uncovered eye.

	The Experiment:    Cover one eye with a lens from a pair of sunglasses. This pendulum "swings" back and forth, however your covered eye responds to this swing at a slower speed. This once again results in two different images being sent to the brain, and because of binocular disparity the brain sees the pendulum swinging in a circular path. Try this experiment with a real pendulum for an even better version of this illusion.