اپتومتریست سلما قشقایی

EYE FLOATERS

salmaghashghaei — Fri, 30 Oct 2009 14:34:50 GMT

are a result of changes in the Vitreous Body, the colloidal gel that occupies most of the hollow sphere of the eye. Aside from maintaining good nutrition, taking anti-oxidant vitamins, and following a healthy lifestyle, Ophthalmologists have no specific answer on how to prevent them.

But there is a proven treatment. Laser has helped thousands of people. It is a reasonable alternative to vitrectomy, an operation that is available if laser can't help.

Normal Eye Anatomy

Schematic of Eye with Floaters

Posterior Vitreous Detachment

Well Suspended Mid-Vitreous Floater

Posterior Floater - Optic Nerve partially viewed on right

simulated view of stationary mid vitreous clump

Floaters in Vitreous Syneresis (liquifaction)

Optos Camera view Asteroid Bodies

Optos Laser Scan. 'Squiggles' are floaters

Optos Scan, same eye, see how they moved

2 راه کاهش سر درد های ناشی از کار با کامپیوتر

salmaghashghaei — Fri, 23 Oct 2009 00:03:57 GMT

عده ای زیادی از بیمارانی که به ما مراجعه میکنند دارای مشکلاتی با کامپیوتر خود هستند . بسیاری از سردرد های آنها ناشی از استفاده نا مناسب از کامپیوتر . یا نور و فونت های نامناسب است.

۲ راه حل مناسب را به آنها همراه با دادن عینک میتوان پیشنهاد کرد:

۱- فعال کردن بخش cleartype در microsaft windows xp

بدین ترتیب کیفیت فونت ها افزایش یافته توانایی خواندن افزایش یافته و با بهتر دیدن سر درد ها کاهش میابد

2-افزایش refresh rate مانیتور

این کار flicker ها را کاهش میدهد و در نتیجه سردرد کاهش میابد

خشکی چشم و اشک مصنوعی (زبان اصلی)

salmaghashghaei — Thu, 22 Oct 2009 23:44:09 GMT

DRY EYE PRODUCTS (ARTIFICIAL TEARS)

Preparations contain carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, hypromellose), and hydroxypropyl cellulose. They contain water, salts and polymers, but lack the proteins found in natural tears.

Patients who use artificial tears more frequently than once every three hours should choose a brand without preservatives or one with special non-irritating preservatives.

Effects

Application of artificial tears every few hours can provide temporary relief from the symptoms of dry eyes. Hydroxypropyl cellulose stabilizes and thickens the precorneal tear film, and prolongs the tear film breakup time.

Usage

Artificial tears usually are the first line of treatment for dry eyes. While mild cases require application of lubricant drops four times a day, severe cases require more aggressive treatment, such as ten to twelve times a day. Thicker artificial tears can be used in severe cases, although these may temporarily blur vision.

An artificial tear insert such as Lacrisert which contains hydroxypropyl cellulose can also be used every morning.

Precautions

Drops for red eyes can make the eyes even more dry. If wearing contact lenses, rewetting or lubricating drops specifically for contact lenses should be used. Other types of drops may contain ingredients that damage the lens.

Adverse effects

Possible adverse effects of carboxymethyl cellulose and other similar lubricants include eye pain, irritation, continued redness, or vision changes.[1] Use should be discontinued if any of them occur. Those of hydroxypropyl cellulose include hyperaemia, photophobia, stickiness of eyelashes, discomfort, and irritation.

Artificial tears have no reported interactions. A documented contraindication of artificial tears is hypersensitivity.

مقایسه ی بین رتینوسکوپی mem و nott

salmaghashghaei — Fri, 04 Sep 2009 23:25:53 GMT

تفاوت مهمی بین این دو روش وجود دارد.رتینوسکوپی nott براساس رفرکشن سابجکتیو است و میزان لگ تطابقی حداقل می باشد(0.42) .در صورتی که در روش mem بالاترین میزان لگ (0.94) می باشد.

البته یک رابطه خطی بین این دو روش وجود دارد .

قطره های چشمی

salmaghashghaei — Fri, 14 Aug 2009 09:58:17 GMT

انواع قطره های چشمی:

۱-Allergies

۲-

Eyedrops During an Examination

Dilating Drops

۳- Anesthetic Drop

این قطره ها برای بی حسی و کاهش درد استفاده می شوند.

۴-Nonprescription Eyedrops

قطره هایی که احتیاج به تجویز ندارند

-Artificial tears (اشک مصنوعی)

-Decongestant eyedrops (کاهش قرمزی چشم)

۵-

Prescription Eyedrops

Steroid (Corticosteroids) Eyedrops

Prednisolone

Dexamethasone

Hydrocortisone

Fluoromethalone

Medrysone

Rimexolone

۶-Eyedrops to Treat Infection

دارویی برای کاهش مایوپیا در کودکان

salmaghashghaei — Fri, 14 Aug 2009 09:32:01 GMT

درمان روزانه با pirenzepine می تواند سرعت پیشرفت مایوپیا را در کودکان کاهش دهد.

درمان با این دارو بسیار safe است .البته اثزات جانبی جزیی مانند خارش چشم را دارد. این دارو باعث mild dilation مردمک ها می شود.

دیسلکسیا(ناتوانی در خواندن)-متن به زبان اصلی

salmaghashghaei — Thu, 06 Aug 2009 20:16:24 GMT

Many children and adults continue to struggle with learning in the classroom and the workplace. Advances in information technology, its expanding necessity, and its accessibility are placing greater demands on people for efficient learning and information processing.^1,2

Learning is accomplished through complex and interrelated processes, one of which is vision. Determining the relationships between vision and learning involves more than evaluating eye health and visual acuity (clarity of sight). Problems in identifying and treating people with learning-related vision problems arise when such a limited definition of vision is employed.³

This policy statement addresses these issues, which are important to individuals who have learning-related vision problems (such as dyslexia), their families, their teachers, the educational system and society.

Policy Statement

People at risk for learning-related vision problems should receive a comprehensive optometric evaluation. This evaluation should be conducted as part of a multidisciplinary approach in which all appropriate areas of function are evaluated and managed.⁴

The role of the optometrist when evaluating people for learning-related vision problems (e.g., dyslexia) is to conduct a thorough assessment of eye health and visual functions and communicate the results and recommendations.⁵ The management plan may include treatment, guidance and appropriate referral.

The expected outcome of optometric intervention is an improvement in visual function with the alleviation of associated signs and symptoms. Optometric intervention for people with learning-related vision problems consists of lenses, prisms, and Vision Therapy. Vision therapy does not directly treat learning disabilities or dyslexia.^6,7 Vision therapy is a treatment to improve visual efficiency and visual processing, thereby allowing the person to be more responsive to educational instruction.^4,8 It does not preclude any other form of treatment and should be a part of a multidisciplinary approach to learning disabilities.^6,7

Pertinent Issues

Vision is a fundamental factor in the learning process. The three interrelated areas of visual function are:

Visual pathway integrity including eye health, visual acuity and refractive status;
Visual efficiency including accommodation (focusing), binocular vision (eye teaming) and eye movements;
Visual information processing including identification and discrimination, spatial awareness, and integration with other senses.

To identify learning-related vision problems, each of these interrelated areas must be fully evaluated.

Educational, neuropsychological and medical research has suggested distinct subtypes of learning difficulties.^9,10 Current research indicates that some people with reading difficulties (such as difficulties related to possible dyslexia) have co-existing visual and language processing deficits.¹¹ For this reason, no single treatment, profession or discipline can be expected to adequately address all of their needs.

Unresolved visual deficits can impair the ability to respond fully to educational instruction.^12,13 Management may require optical correction, Vision Therapy or a combination of both. Vision therapy, the art and science of developing and enhancing visual abilities and remediating vision dysfunctions, has a firm foundation in vision science, and both its application and efficacy have been established in the scientific literature.^14-17 Some sources have erroneously associated optometric Vision Therapy with controversial and unfounded therapies, and equate eye defects with visual dysfunctions.^18-21

The eyes, visual pathways and brain comprise the visual system. Therefore, to understand the complexities of visual function, one must look at the total visual system. Recent research has demonstrated that some people with reading disabilities have deficits in the transmission of information to the brain through a defective visual pathway.^22,25 This creates confusion and disrupts the normal visual timing functions in reading.

Visual defects, such as a restriction in the visual field, can have a substantial impact on reading performance.²⁶ Eye strain and double vision resulting from convergence insufficiency can be a significant handicap to learning.²⁷ There are more subtle visual defects that influence learning affecting different people to different degrees. Vision is a multifaceted process and its relationships to reading and learning are complex.^28,29 Each area of visual function must be considered in the evaluation of people who are experiencing reading or other learning problems. Likewise, treatment programs for learning-related vision problems must be designed individually to meet each person's unique needs.

Summary

Vision problems can and often do interfere with learning.
People at risk for learning-related vision problems should be evaluated by an optometrist who provides diagnostic and management services in this area.
The goal of optometric intervention is to improve visual function and alleviate associated signs and symptoms.
Prompt remediation of learning-related vision problems enhances the ability of children and adults to perform to their full potential.
People with learning problems (i.e., dyslexia) require help from many disciplines to meet the learning challenges they face. Optometric involvement constitutes one aspect of the multidisciplinary management approach required to prepare the individual for lifelong learning.

Binocular Disparity

salmaghashghaei — Thu, 06 Aug 2009 19:52:33 GMT

Our minds are capable of seeing in three dimensions primarily because we have binocular vision. Binocular vision occurs when two eyes look at the same thing at a slightly different angle, resulting in two slightly different images. It's simple to confirm that as humans we have binocular vision: place your hand a foot in front of your face and alternate closing each eye. Your hand will appear to jump back and forth.

As humans we often take binocular vision for granted. Many animals, such as rabbits and birds, have eyes facing opposite directions. These animals can see all around them without even moving their heads, however do not have two slightly different images of the same thing. For this reason they do not enjoy the many forms of depth perception created by binocular vision.

The slight difference between the viewpoints of your two eyes is called binocular disparity. Binocular disparity is the form of depth perception most used by the human brain, and is the most easily manipulated for perception tricks. The brain takes these two different views and molds them together into a three dimensional object.


	Try it Out: The easiest way to notice Binocular Disparity is to use a periscope. Place a periscope (shorter is better; 3-4 inches will have the best effect) horizontally against one eye, and look at an object. Because the distance between your two "eyes" has now been increased, you will have greater binocular disparity. Objects will appear to have much greater depth differences.

Binocular disparity is only useful when your two eyes see different angles of an image. Look at two parallel horizontal clotheslines, one further away from you than the other. If you only look at the clotheslines and you do not already know how far away each is, binocular disparity will not reveal that the lines are different distances from you. Both eyes see the line as horizontal, so do not give different images to the brain.

Two horizontal bars. It is impossible to tell which is closer.

At an angle the depth difference is easier to see.

There are many ways to create the illusion of depth using binocular disparity. Holograms, stereoscopes, and stereograms all send separate images to each eye. Binocular disparity in the brain combines these images into a three dimensional picture.


	This picture shows how binocular disparity has often been used in comic books, magazines, and movies. The picture contains two images of a chair, one red and one blue, from two slightly different angles. You can "see" the image by putting on special 3D glasses. One lens of the glasses will filter out the blue image, and the other lens will filter out the red image. The result is each of your eyes only receiving one of the two images on the page. Just as if you were looking at a real chair from two different angles, your brain forms these images into one three-dimensional image.

One other experiment to demonstrate binocular disparity is called the Pulfrich Illusion. This illusion occurs because of latency, the fact that the eyes don't react instantaneously to visual stimuli. At lower levels of light, it takes the eye longer to "see an image." If you wear sunglasses on one eye, that one eye will respond more slowly than the uncovered eye.


	The Experiment: Cover one eye with a lens from a pair of sunglasses. This pendulum "swings" back and forth, however your covered eye responds to this swing at a slower speed. This once again results in two different images being sent to the brain, and because of binocular disparity the brain sees the pendulum swinging in a circular path. Try this experiment with a real pendulum for an even better version of this illusion.

تعرفه ی جدید اپتومتری

salmaghashghaei — Fri, 10 Jul 2009 13:22:22 GMT

تعرفه ی جدید اپتومتری طبق مصوبه ی نظام پزشکی :

کارشناس: ۴۷۰۰۰ ریال

فوق لیسانس :۵۲۰۰۰ ریال

دکترا: ۶۰۰۰۰ ریال

پاسخ . پرسش های معمول کلینیکی درباره ی لنز

salmaghashghaei — Thu, 28 May 2009 22:18:14 GMT

با سلام به تمام همکاران محترم .. این مطب گرچه ممکنه تکراری باشه ولی این سئوالات معمولا توسط اغلب مراجعه کنندگان پرسیده میشه چون متن روانی داشت بدون ترجمه کردن قرارش میدم.

. I have dry eye problems. Can I wear contact lenses?

You’re less likely to have success with contact lenses than someone who does not have this condition. This does not mean that you cannot wear contact lenses at all. It simply means you may have a shorter contact lens wearing period than normal or that you may choose to wear your lenses only occasionally. You can increase the comfort of your lenses by inserting eye lubrication drops. As always, it is best to consult your eye care practitioner for the best advice regarding whether you should wear contact lenses and what type of lenses may be suitable.

Biocompatibles' Proclear lens has been designed specifically for marginally dry eye problems.
My doctor told me I couldn't wear regular contact lenses for presbyopia. Why not?

Presbyopia is a vision condition in which the eye cannot focus on near objects. In most cases, reading glasses or bifocal glasses are prescribed to correct presbyopia. But contact lenses can be prescribed also. Special bifocal contact lenses are available, such as the Acuvue Bifocal. As an alternative, many practitioners prescribe a system called monovision where one eye is fitted with a distance lens and the other with a reading lens. Approximately two-thirds of patients adapt to this type of contact lens wear, with the brain automatically switching to the eye more clearly in focus.

Wearing contact lenses while traveling by plane can be uncomfortable. Why, and what can be done to lessen the discomfort?

The low humidity in aircraft cabins contributes to dry eye symptoms and contact lens discomfort. It may help to put lubrication drops in your eyes before you enter the airplane or during flight. If symptoms persist or become severe, it is probably easiest and best to wear eyeglasses when flying.

Can contact lenses be "blinked" out?

With normal use, contact lenses will stay firmly in position. However, they can come out under certain conditions. High winds can cause the eyes to water and pull the eyelid tight against the eye, increasing the chance of lens loss. A sharp blow to the head may dislodge rigid gas permeable lenses. And rubbing your eye carelessly may result in a lost lens. Describe to your eye care practitioner all of the circumstances in which you are likely to wear your contact lenses. This will help him or her prescribe a type of lens that is less likely to be dislodged given your activities.

Is it OK to swim while wearing contact lenses?

Only if you’re wearing goggles with a firm seal. If you don’t wear goggles, the contact lenses may float from your eyes and/or they will absorb the pool water, one consequence of which may be that they adhere quite firmly to the eye. If this occurs, it is advisable to leave the lenses alone for 10-15 minutes until the water in them has been replaced by natural tears before trying to remove them. Exposing your contacts to pool water also places you at risk of discomfort due to chlorine and infection from bacteria or other microorganisms.

Can my contact lens be "lost" behind my eye?

No, a thin, but strong, membrane, called the conjunctiva, lines the inside of your eyelids and curls back on itself to cover the white part of the eye. Lenses cannot pass through it. However, your contact lenses may slide under your eyelids or become displaced. If this occurs, try looking in the direction of the lens to get it to move back to the correct position. If you wear soft contact lenses, they will tend to center automatically on the cornea. If you wear rigid gas permeable lenses, you may need to manipulate a displaced lens through the eyelid.

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